一）學術：區塊鏈數學科學會議－科學思潮，跨界創新
Author：魏然，八維資本
人類歷史上最近的至暗時刻莫過於第二次世界大戰，但科學的光芒和思想的碰撞在戰爭中並未停止閃耀。 1941年4月6日，德軍進攻巴爾幹半島，12月7日日軍偷襲珍珠港，全世界都籠罩在戰爭的陰霾之下，也正是在這一年的五月，一場革命性的科學會議Macy Conference中召開。
Macy會議的發起人Frank Fremont-Smith是一位腦科醫生，也對精神病和哲學有過研究，開戰後還琢磨過導彈的控制系統，是典型的文藝復興式的斜杠科學家。
即便在戰爭期間，Macy會議也並沒有“恪守本分”的研究那些迫在眉睫的實際問題，比如如何應對或研製砲彈、細菌、核武器和毒氣。正是靠著這種超越時代局限和學科邊界的格局，Macy會議吸引了全世界的數學家、物理學家、社會學家、語義學家聚在一起，不同學科的科學家從不同視角探索身份、目的和自治的現象，解釋個體（人或機器）怎樣做選擇，個體在集體中如何行事。
柏拉圖認為，“知識”是通過對話使真理自行顯現的過程，即認識論（epistemology）。通過對話，各個從不同的局部體驗提出的“意見”自行顯現出秩序“logos”。專業學科作為一門專業化的知識，一方面它追求研究範式的自然科學化和確定性，這是它具備科學性的一面；另一方面，它在不確定性面前表現的蒼白無力，通過嚴格劃定研究的邊界，在一定程度上刻意忽略了人類生活的其他方面，這引致了其局限性。因此，我們有理由把現存的學科和理論當做一種“意見”，在與各學科的對話中洞見更高層次的真理。
在Macy會議這個思想解放和跨界融合的大會上，控制論（Cybernetics）——這個涵蓋了存在理論、科學哲學、物理學、計算機科學、生物學、工程學、社會學、政治學、心理治療和經濟學等學科的新學科，就此誕生。它奠定了信息論、人工智能、系統論和復雜科學的研究框架，在以信息技術革命領導的第三次科技革命中起到了中流砥柱的作用。
毋庸置疑，我們正在經歷一個動盪和變化的時期，隨著科技的發展，新事物、新概念和新技術不斷湧現，“技術奇點”正在臨近；同時，經濟形勢正在發生變化，改革紅利逐步褪去，逆全球化思潮魅影再現，不同價值觀和文明的衝突日增，有人提出，19年將是40年未有之大變局。
有人認為，區塊鏈只是經濟下行和金融去槓桿週期時人們惡意炒作的一場末路狂花，但實際上，區塊鏈，不僅是一門工具性的技術，而是一種制度創新，它和互聯網一樣，是以技術為表象的思潮。
在漫長的人類發展史中，我們曾依靠血緣和宗族、宗教和道德、市場和法律等正式或非正式，具像或抽象的工具來規範和約束彼此的行為，以便建立信任從而達成合作與交易。而當交易的複雜程度提升，交易範圍更廣時，銀行、公司等有形的組織形式誕生。諾貝爾經濟經濟學獎得主道格拉斯·諾斯（Douglass North）作為“新制度經濟學”的奠基者，指出法律、規章等正式規則或習俗、倫理等非正式規則，本質上都是降低交易的風險和不確定性的工具。到了網絡時代，這些工具被搬到網上，亞馬遜和阿里巴巴這樣的網絡平台成為促成經濟活動的中介。而如今，隨著信息科技的發展，第三方網絡平台的弊病出現，比如侵犯個人隱私、數據無法確權、中心化服務器難以適應物聯網時代的交易的量級和頻次等。
由於網絡空間和現代社會的基於“中心化”他者的信任的失靈，由於互動的主體從人類擴展到人機，人們試圖將對“他者”的信任轉至符號或系統。與人際信任不同，數字信任所面向的不是具體、豐富的他者，而是抽象化的原則、符號或程序。信任不再是人與人之間的交付，而是人們各自基於對系統的認同和共識做出的理性選擇。系統中的個體可以保持匿名，不需要互相了解、建立基於人品的信任，而可以將信任託管給系統的理性機制。
換言之，信任成為個體博弈生成的自發秩序，工具理性、程序認同得以彰顯，人格、德性、倫理在信任上的功能弱化。
區塊鏈技術便是在這樣一個時代背景下誕生的。人們希望集成博弈論、加密學等技術，構造一種新的技術治理機制，在網絡空間達成一種基於數學的信任，即對確定性、同一性和合法性的認同。
2018年12月17日-18日，一個旨在學習梅西會議的區塊鏈數學科學會議在北京召開。會議專注於探索和區塊鏈技術相關的數學領域，組合可以引入區塊鏈技術的數學工具，通過類比、分析、歸納等方式，提出“區塊鏈數學猜想”。
張鈸（計算科學家，中科院院士）在《Towards A Robust & Explainable AI》的演講中提出，“當前人工智能方法存在局限性，不可解釋性和魯棒性很差是最大的兩個缺點，只能在具有充分知識或數據、穩定性、完全信息、靜態、特定領域與單任務的場景下適用。因此，後深度學習時代將知識驅動與數據驅動結合，走向真正的人工智能。”
王飛躍（中科院自動化研究所複雜系統管理與控制國家重點實驗室主任）在演講《The Generalized Godel Theorem and Blockchain Intelligence: In Math We Can't Trust》中介紹了人工智能的誕生和演化。他提出圖靈機為計算的機械化提供了途徑，而數據是填充鴻溝的原料，平行系統是跨越認知鴻溝的端到端的橋樑。而區塊鍊為平行智能奠定可信可靠可用和高效的基礎。
愛因斯坦曾說過，“當數學論及現實的時候，它們不確定；當數學確定的時候，它們不涉及現實。”經濟學家朱嘉明教授藉此延展，提出“數學”和“現實”世界的概念類似於“具象”和“抽象”世界：一個是物質世界、物理世界、實體經濟、實證科學主宰的具象世界，另外一個是觀念世界、非物理世界、虛擬經濟、純科學、社會科學、藝術主宰的抽象世界。
而區塊鏈的根本功能在於：首先，它是非物質世界和非物理世界的“基礎結構”。其次，它是物質世界和非物質世界兩個世界的“橋樑”。
二）實例：我國首支知識產權證券化產品在深交所成功獲批
2018年12月14日，我國首支知識產權證券化標準化產品“第一創業-文科租賃一期資產支持專項計劃”在深圳證券交易所成功獲批。該產品以北京市文化科技融資租賃股份有限公司為原始權益人，底層資產租賃標的物全部為專利權、著作權等知識產權，涉及發明專利、實用新型專利、著作權等知識產權共計51項，覆蓋藝術表演、影視製作發行、信息技術、數字出版等文化創意領域的多個細分行業。總規模達7.33億元。
該產品的獲批實現了我國知識產權證券化零的突破，知識產權證券化是指以知識產權未來預期收益為支撐，通過發行市場流通證券進行融資的融資方式。和傳統的資產證券化相比，底層資產不再需要是有形資產，也可以是無形資產，比如知識產權。這將大大加快知識產權的資本價值轉化速度，標誌著我國知識產權運營水平邁上了一個新台階。以下是八維研究院基於新華社新聞：我國首支知識產權證券化產品在深交所成功獲批The name of the IP ABS issued this time will be “The First Phase of the Liberal Arts ABS” (文科一期ABS). The underlying assets for this security are all intellectual property rights such as invention patents, utility model patents, copyrights, as well as other such property rights.
China’s Securitization of Intellectual Property Takes a New Step Forward
Translator: Zoe Qian
Editors: Kadeem Clarke, Brian Hough
The securitization of intellectual property refers to the issuance of market-traded securities, valued based on the expected future earnings of that intellectual property. Compared to the traditional process of securitization, the underlying assets are not tangible assets, but intangible intellectual property. The Chinese government is taking this process very seriously. Since 2017, the State Council has issued the “National Technology Transfer System Construction Plan” and proposed to pilot Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) securitization financing.
With the active promotion from the State Intellectual Property Office in recent years, the construction of China’s intellectual property rights system has continued to accelerate. The intellectual property asset-backed securities (ABS) and insurance businesses have developed steadily as a result.
What’s Being Securitized This Time?
The name of the IP ABS issued this time will be “The First Phase of the Liberal Arts ABS” (文科一期ABS). The underlying assets for this security are all intellectual property rights such as invention patents, utility model patents, copyrights, as well as other such property rights.
The underlying assets of the first phase of IP ABS are the “intellectual property financing lease” for businesses with patents and copyrights. There are in total 51 intellectual property rights, such as patents and copyrights, covering a number of sub-sectors in the fields of cultural and creative fields such as art performance, film and television production and distribution, information technology, and digital publishing.
The future operating cash flows of these intellectual property rights will be used to price its underlying assets. This not only meets the requirements of asset securitization for these assets, but also meets the need of the intellectual property rights owners. It has the unique advantages of diversified assets, mature risk control system, and high credit rating of issuing entities.
The Issuer — Cultural Technology Leasing
According to the release article, the main body of the issuance,the Cultural Technology Leasing(文化科技租賃), was established in 2014. It is a subsidiary of Beiwentou Investment Co., Ltd. (北文投), which provides comprehensive financing services such as financial leasing for enterprises.
In September 2015, the Cultural Technology Leasing pioneered and started the “IP financing lease” process in the country in order to solve the problems enterprises were facing. In the past, it was hard for enterprises to obtain bank financing through traditional means, such as real estate mortgages, since the properties are often light assets and smaller in scale. The IP financing lease fully revitalizes the intellectual property rights of enterprises and opens up a brand new intellectual property opportunity in addition to the banks’ Intangible Asset Mortgage.
Over the past three years, Cultural Technology Leasing has provided more than 8 billion Yuan of financing support to more than 400 cultural and technological enterprises through intellectual property financing leasing. This business accounted for nearly 40% of the company’s investment, much higher than the current commercial banks. However, these loans account for less than 0.1% of those issued by banks, of which Small and Medium Enterprise (SME) projects account for more than 75%, and private enterprises account for 92%.
Implement an Effective Assessment of Intellectual Property Values and Strict Risk Control
To deal with the problem of value assessment and risk control in IP securitization, Cultural Technology Leasing has established an expert team of 120 people to explore a relatively mature IPR assessment method and risk control system in years of business practice. The intellectual property rights of ABS have undergone strict risk review. The value of each right has been professionally evaluated and strictly demonstrated by independent third-party asset appraisal agencies.
The Promiser of the Differential Payment: State-Owned Sole Proprietorship Company: Beiwentou
The first phase of the liberal arts ABS had Beiwentou as the promiser. Beiwentou is a state-owned sole proprietorship company in Beijing. It is an important investment and financing platform for the development of IP ABS. It has now formed six major businesses of finance, with a total value of more than 44 billion yuan in assets, which are the first investment enterprises in the country to receive the AAA credit rating.
The Future:
Since 2008, intellectual property protection has risen to a national level. With the continuous strengthening of China’s intellectual property protection and the gradual improvement of the intellectual property operation system, various types of intellectual property rights have developed rapidly, showing an increasing trend year-by-year.
Taking patent rights as an example, as of October 2018, China’s 2018 patent applications has led to more than 3.51 million listings, and the number of valid patent applications has exceeded 11.5 million. The demand for intellectual property conversion of small and medium-sized enterprises has been increasing as well. Intellectual property financing is becoming an important financing means for SMEs, and intellectual property financing leasing potential is quite large.
Reference：
史上最窮且最不靠譜的會，卻創造了人類歷史上最多的財富by 石榴區塊鏈
朱嘉明：“技術奇點”逼近，建構區塊鏈數學基礎by 巴比特
區塊鏈源起與信任機制重構by 魏然
我國首支知識產權證券化產品在深交所成功獲批by 新華社
